Rhamnus frangula landscape plants oregon state university. An illustrated flora of the northern united states, canada and the british possessions. Tracheophyta magnoliopsida rhamnaceae frangula frangula alnus. Alder buckthorn one of irelands rarest native trees, alnus frangula can also be found throughout europe, northernmost africa, and western asia.
The wood has been used to make butchers skewers which are known in some areas as dogs, hence the alternative common name of black dogwood fraser, 2003. The species is hermaphrodite has both male and female organs and is pollinated by insects. In the past, frangula was treated as a subgenus of rhamnus, distinguished from rhamnus sensu stricto by the presence of bisexual instead of unisexual flowers and 5merous instead of 4merous flower parts, and on the basis of seed characteristics. Combine pdfs in the order you want with the easiest pdf merger available. Frangula definition of frangula by medical dictionary. Maine natural areas program, invasive plants, glossy buckthorn. List of various diseases cured by rhamnus frangula. Frangula alnus is most problematic in fens and other wetlands but also can invade uplands and sandy soil forests.
The flowers are insignificant, but are white in colour and appear from may to august. The genus name frangula comes from the word frango, meaning fragile or brittle, in reference to the tendency of the twigs of some species to break easily. Click below on a thumbnail map or name for species profiles. Pdf merge combine pdf files free tool to merge pdf online. How rhamnus frangula is effective for various diseases is listed in repertory format. Rhamnaceae of north america update, database version 2011 acquired. Depending on the type and stage of cancer, and the individual patients condition, hoxsey would add to a basic solution of cascara rhamnus purshiana and potassium iodide one or more of the following plant substances. Soda pdf merge tool allows you to combine pdf files in seconds.
Alderleaved buckthorn rhamnus alnifolia has serrate leaf margins. Alder buckthorn has dark green leaves that turn yellow in autumn. Glossy buckthorn, fen buckthorn, alder buckthorn r. Frangula alnus has a high environmental impact in the great lakes. Branches are multistemmed, not very regular and arranged in alternate pairs. Leaves are darkgreen and glossy above while dull green below. Note that the pdf version is the booklet as published, whereas the excel spreadsheet incorporates subsequent corrections. If modest buckthorn allelopathic effects on alder germination combine. Frangula alnus is commonly called alder buckthorn because it is frequently seen in the wild growing in moist soils near alders genus alnus.
The specific name alnus and the common name alder buckthorn may be related to the frequent occurrence of f. Biological control ofbuckthorns rhamnus cathartica and. The plants database includes the following 8 species of frangula. The trees wood is soft and used for high quality charcoal and gunpowder, while its bark, fruit and. It is also commonly called glossy buckthorn in reference to its glossy leaves. Glossy buckthorn frangula alnus is a shrub or small, multistemmed tree. Frangula alnus glossy buckthorn frangula betulifolia beechleaf frangula frangula. The leaf margins are smoothentire and tend to be slightly wavy. Once established, frangula alnus fine line has an interesting, mottled bark. In 1754, miller described the genus frangula, and in 1768, the species frangula alnus. In the 1950 grays manual of botany, glossy buckthorn was described as. Only potential vegetation types from northcentral and northeastern us habitats where glossy buckthorn is most widely distributed are listed in the table below. The long season of inconspicuous flowers are followed by abundant red. Frangula alnus is recorded in 23 states in the us usda i nrcs 2001.
Uses, benefits, cures, side effects, nutrients in rhamnus frangula. Names of rhamnus frangula in various languages of the world are also given. Glossy buckthorn can either grow as a multistemmed shrub or singlestemmed tree up to 23 7 m tall. Frangula alnus leafs out early in spring and retains its leaves late into the fall ohio epa 2001, padcnr n. European unionherbal monograph on rhamnus frangula l. Frangula alnus online atlas of the british and irish flora. Pdf vaccinium myrtillus leaves and frangula alnus bark derived. Manual removal and destruction of plants and root crowns will meet these goals. Broadleaf deciduous shrub or lowbranching tree, upright, spreading, as a shrub 15 ft 4. It is present in most central and northeasternus states. Perennial, deciduous, shrub or small tree, often multistemmed, can be singletrunked, to 20 tall. Rhamnus frangula columnaris tallhedge buckthorn foliage is oval like the species form, but its habit is very columnar and it is often used as a tall visual screen to hide utilities or demarcate property lines, or in formal gardens to partition outdoor rooms. We studied the phylogeography of alder buckthorn frangula alnus, a birddispersed shrub or small tree distributed over most of europe and west asia and.
Appearance frangula alnus is a large shrub or small tree that can grow to heights of 30 ft. Frangula alnus glossy buckthorn fral4 8004 european alder alder buckthorn form. Frangula alnus definition of frangula alnus by medical. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. The alder buckthorn is botanically called rhamnus frangula. Pdf on jun 8, 2016, morteza sagharjoghi farahani and others published the effects of frangula alnus miller on hek cells in cell culture find, read and cite all the research you need on.
Pdf due to constantly increasing antibiotic resistance of pathogens and participation of the. The tree is a deciduous tree, it will be up to 7 m 30 ft high. Glossy, oval to obovate, dark green leaves to 3 long retain green color well into fall, usually resulting in poor fall color. Also, there are sterile forms of many of the trees and shrubs listed here, such as frangula alnus ron williams fine line, a sterile form of the otherwise invasive alder buckthorn f. The generic recognition of frangula has been disputed and for many years glossy buckthorn has gone under the name rhamnus frangula l. Rhamnus frangula herb uses, benefits, cures, side effects. A recent molecular study by bolmgren and oxelman 2004. Plant height and spread is seasonal therefore we list by pot size rather than a defined plant size. Updated for itis by the flora of north america expertise network, in connection with an update for usda plants 20072010 reference for. Frangula alnus assessment answers are underlined and. If a branch is cut, the sapwood tissue just below the outer bark is yellow and the heartwood tissue in the center is pinkorange michigan.
Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Sutton park contains a number of uncommon mosses and is of particular importance for those of the genus philonotis. The specific epithet alnus refers to the alder genus alnus. Discover lifes page about the biology, natural history, ecology, identification and distribution of frangula alnus alder buckthorn discover life. Maine natural areas program, invasive plants, imap. A taxonomic species within the family rhamnaceae alder buckthorn. Frangula alnus euforgen european forest genetic resources. Frangula alnus the following table provides fire regime information vegetation types where glossy buckthorn may occur. Very small and inconspicuous, pale yellowgreen, bellshaped, appearing in leaf axils in. Leaves are deciduous, simple, and generally arrang ed alternately.
Plant database entry for alder buckthorn frangula alnus subsp. Foliage the dark green leaves are shiny, alternate sometime opposite and simple with prominent venation. Benefits of alder buckthorn rhamnus frangula for health. The alder buckthorn can be considered a deciduous shrub or even a small tree, the plant often reaches 20 feet in height when fully mature. Pdf the effects of frangula alnus miller on hek cells in. Here wavy hairgrass and matgrass dominate with common bent.
It was planted for hedgerows, forestry plantings, and wildlife habitat, but has become an invasive species, invading forests in the northeastern united states and wetlands and moist forest in the midwestern united states. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern united states and adjacent. It is in flower from may to june, and the seeds ripen from september to november. Download includes an excel spreadsheet of the attributes, and a pdf explaining the background and nomenclature. Rhamnus frangula alnus fine line is a handsome deciduous shrub that fits perfectly into a small sized garden. Fibrous, shallow and extensive contains levels of anthroquinone, which when ingested is metabolized into emodin, a laxative. Frangula alnus miller, cortex frangula bark i herbal substance not applicable ii herbal preparations comminuted herbal substance, standardised with regard to the registra tion application of article 16d1 of directive 200183ec. Frangula alnus in the germplasm resources information network grin, u. Frangula alnus is a deciduous shrub growing to 5 m 16ft by 4 m ft at a slow rate. Alternate, simple, elliptical to oblong or obovate, 2 to 4 inches long, entire, veins are parallel but near edges of leaf turn and follow the edge, shiny green above, may be pale pubescent beneath, petiole short and pubescent. Frangula alnus primarily reproduce by seed converse, 1984. This free online tool allows to combine multiple pdf or image files into a single pdf document. Rhamnus cathartica and frangula alnus report 200405.
Glossy buckthorn frangula alnus, an invasive shrub from eurasia. Frangula alnus usda, ars, germplasm resources information network. Here too is found alder buckthorn frangula alnus, a county rarity. This plant may be known by one or more common names in different places, and some are listed above. Frangula alnus, commonly known as alder buckthorn, glossy buckthorn, or breaking buckthorn. The leaves remain photosynthetically active until they fall from the plant, allowing glossy buckthorn to outcompete native trees, shrubs, and wildflowers. The alder buckthorn is characterized by the presence of glossy oval shaped green leaves, each of which can be one to three inches in length, the leaves are borne on the stem in alternate rows and are not ridged. The bark on young shoots is green, becoming greybrown. Combining cutting with herbicide use may control rhamnus when burning conditions are poor or.
The tree likes sun to halfshade at the location and the soil should be permeable soils. Invasive species treatment options benzie conservation district. Our pdf merger allows you to quickly combine multiple pdf files into one single pdf document, in just a few clicks. They were probably introduced to the us before 1800 but did not become widespread until the early 1900s. Department of agriculture agricultural research service. It was widely recommended for conservation plantings in the midwest until its invasive tendencies became apparent. Frangula alnus euforgen european forest genetic resources programme.
Frangula alnus glossy buckthorn is native to eurasia but has been commonly planted in this country as a hedge and for wildlife food and cover. Frangula purshiana cascara buckthorn frangula rubra red buckthorn frangula sphaerosperma west indian buckthorn legal. It is native to a large temperate area across europe, from portugal in west to western china in east. Fine line is a cultivar of the alder buckthorn and confusingly has a variety of names including rhamnus frangula fine line and frangula alnus fine line, but all refer to this upright columnar shrub with long, fine pointed leaves in spring narrow new leaves burst through in bright. Frangula alnus was probably introduced to north america about 200 years ago, and in canada about 100 years ago. Most authorities now recognize this section as a separate genus, using frangula alnus mill. This plant is often found grown in moist habitats near alders.
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